Flood Risk Area
Flood risk with e3t
“Flood risk in Thailand is concentrated in the Chao Phraya River Basin, northern mountain river basins, the Mekong River Basin, the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC), and southern river basins. These areas overlap with key industrial, agricultural, and logistics zones, where flooding directly impacts Japanese supply chains and food security.”
Characteristics
- Thailand’s main economic, industrial, and logistics hub
- High flood risk when heavy rainfall, upstream dam releases, and high tide coincide
- Severe impact on industrial estates, ports, and supply chains
➡ Greatest impact on Japanese companies
2. Northern Mountain River Basins (Flash Flood Risk)
Major Rivers
- Kok River
- Ing River
- Ping River
Key Areas
- Chiang Rai
- Chiang Mai
Characteristics
- Intense localized rainfall causes sudden flooding
- Significant damage to agriculture and rural communities
- High risk to rice and highland crops
3. Northeastern Region – Mekong River Basin
Major Rivers
- Mekong River
- Chi River
- Mun River
Key Areas
- Ubon Ratchathani
- Nong Khai
- Nakhon Phanom
Characteristics
- Influenced by upstream rainfall and dam discharges in neighboring countries
- Prolonged inundation affecting wide agricultural areas
- Long recovery periods for farming communities
4. Eastern Region / EEC (Industrial Flood Risk)
Major Rivers
- Bang Pakong River
- Prasae River
Key Areas
- Chonburi
- Rayong
- Chachoengsao
Characteristics
- Concentration of industrial estates and ports
- Urban and industrial flooding due to drainage capacity limits
- Direct exposure of EEC and Japanese manufacturing bases
5. Southern Thailand (Most Severe Rainfall Events)
Major Rivers / Basins
- Tapi River
- Pattani River
- Songkhla Lake Basin
Key Areas
- Hat Yai
- Songkhla
- Nakhon Si Thammarat
- Surat Thani
Characteristics
- Affected by monsoon systems and tropical depressions
- Short-duration but extreme rainfall intensity
- Heavy damage to agriculture, aquaculture, ports, and tourism
- Epicenter of the 2025 flood peak
6. Common Conditions Increasing Flood Risk
- Combination of heavy rainfall and dam releases
- Low-lying floodplains and river mouths
- Areas near open dumps and inadequate waste disposal sites
- Insufficient drainage and wastewater treatment capacity
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Key Areas
- Bangkok
- Ayutthaya
- Pathum Thani
- Nonthaburi
- Samut Prakan
Agri
Thailand’s Agriculture – with a Focus on Its Relationship with Japan
1. Overview of Thailand’s Agriculture
Thailand is one of ASEAN’s leading agricultural economies, and agriculture plays a critical role in:
- Employment and rural livelihoods
- Export earnings
- Food security
- Supply chains supporting manufacturing and processing
Key facts
- Agricultural workforce: over 15 million people
- Main production systems:
- Rice farming
- Livestock (especially poultry)
- Aquaculture (shrimp)
- Plantation crops (rubber, palm oil, cassava)
While farm structures are often small-scale, processing, export, and quality control are highly industrialized, particularly for international markets such as Japan.
2. Major Agricultural Products and Regional Distribution
Rice
- Main regions: Central Plain (Chao Phraya Basin), Northeastern Thailand
- Thailand is a major global rice exporter
- Japan imports Thai rice mainly for processing and specialty uses
- Highly vulnerable to flooding and prolonged inundation
Livestock – Poultry (Chicken)
- Thailand is one of the world’s top chicken exporters
- Strengths:
- Fully integrated supply chains
- High sanitary and traceability standards
- Japan is one of Thailand’s largest export destinations
➡ Thai chicken is essential for Japanese supermarkets, convenience stores, and food service chains
Aquaculture – Shrimp
- Main regions: Southern and Eastern coastal areas
- Exports include frozen and processed shrimp
- Japan is a key end market
- Flooding creates major risks:
- Water contamination
- Disease outbreaks
- Heavy metal residues
Industrial Crops (Rubber, Cassava)
- Natural rubber: Southern and Eastern Thailand
- Cassava: Northeastern Thailand
- Directly linked to Japanese industries:
- Automotive
- Chemicals
- Industrial materials
3. Why Thailand’s Agriculture Matters to Japan (Key Relationship)
1) Direct Link to Japan’s Food Security
Japan relies on Thailand for stable imports of:
- Chicken meat and processed poultry
- Shrimp and seafood products
- Rice (specific categories)
- Starch and processed food ingredients
👉 Disruptions in Thai agriculture immediately affect Japanese food supply and prices.
2) Deep Involvement of Japanese Companies
Japanese firms are deeply embedded in Thailand’s agricultural value chain:
- Feed and breeding systems
- Food processing and cold-chain logistics
- Quality control, hygiene, and inspection technologies
- Agricultural machinery and inputs
Many products are produced in Thailand and exported directly to Japan, forming an integrated Japan–Thailand agri-food supply chain.
3) Floods and Environmental Risks Spill Over to Japan
Flood events cause:
- Crop inundation and livestock losses
- Leakage of waste, chemicals, and batteries
- Waterborne pathogens and heavy metal contamination
➡ Japanese import inspections may fail
➡ Export suspensions and price spikes occur
This makes environmental recovery and waste management essential for restoring agricultural exports.
4. Flood Impact on Agriculture (2025 Case)
- Rice: root rot, delayed planting, yield losses
- Poultry: feed supply disruption, processing plant shutdowns
- Shrimp: water quality deterioration, mass mortality
- Farmers: liquidity shortages preventing restart
👉 Agricultural finance and environmental remediation must proceed together.
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“Thailand’s agriculture is closely integrated with Japan’s food supply and food industry. Flood-related agricultural disruptions in Thailand directly affect Japan’s food security, prices, and corporate supply chains, making agricultural recovery a matter of economic importance to Japan.”
Who We Are
Industrial Parks in Thailand – Overview and Importance
1. Role of Industrial Parks in Thailand
Industrial parks (industrial estates) are the core platform of Thailand’s manufacturing economy.
They concentrate factories, logistics, utilities, and labor, and are essential for:
- Export-oriented manufacturing
- Foreign direct investment (FDI)
- Integration into global supply chains
- Employment and regional development
Thailand has more than 60 major industrial estates, many of which are operated or supervised by the Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (IEAT) or private developers.
2. Major Industrial Park Regions
1) Central Thailand (Bangkok Metropolitan Area)
Key areas
- Ayutthaya
- Pathum Thani
- Samut Prakan
Characteristics
- Close to Bangkok, ports, and airports
- Dense concentration of automotive, electronics, machinery factories
- High exposure to flood risk (Chao Phraya River Basin)
➡ This region suffered major disruptions during past floods, directly affecting Japanese supply chains.
2) Eastern Thailand – Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC)
Key provinces
- Chonburi
- Rayong
- Chachoengsao
Characteristics
- Thailand’s most advanced industrial zone
- Hosts deep-sea ports, airports, and logistics hubs
- Core of the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC)
Main industries
- Automotive & EV
- Electronics & semiconductors
- Petrochemicals
- Machinery and advanced manufacturing
➡ Largest concentration of Japanese companies in Thailand
3) Northern Thailand
Key areas
- Chiang Mai / Chiang Rai outskirts
Characteristics
- Smaller-scale industrial parks
- Agro-processing, food, light manufacturing
- Lower floodplain risk but flash flood exposure in mountainous areas
4) Northeastern Thailand
Key areas
- Nakhon Ratchasima, Khon Kaen
Characteristics
- Agro-industry, bio-based industries
- Logistics link to Laos and Mekong region
- Long-duration flooding possible along major rivers
5) Southern Thailand
Key areas
- Songkhla, Surat Thani
Characteristics
- Food processing, rubber, seafood processing
- Ports supporting exports
- High risk from intense rainfall and tropical depressions
3. Japanese Companies in Thai Industrial Parks
Thailand hosts over 6,000 Japanese companies, most of them located in or around industrial parks.
Key sectors
- Automotive & auto parts
- Electronics & electrical components
- Machinery & precision equipment
- Food processing and packaging
Many Japanese firms operate regional or global supply hubs in Thailand, meaning disruptions affect production in Japan and worldwide.